231 lines
7.1 KiB
Markdown
231 lines
7.1 KiB
Markdown
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# PXE+Kickstart无人值守安装操作系统
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[TOC]
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### 什么是PXE？
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PXE（Preboot Execution Environment，预启动执行环境）是一种允许计算机在启动过程中通过网络接口卡（NIC）从服务器加载操作系统或其他软件的协议
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PXE，全名Pre-boot Execution Environment，预启动执行环境；
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通过网络接口启动计算机，不依赖本地存储设备（如硬盘）或本地已安装的操作系统；
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由Intel和Systemsoft公司于1999年9月20日公布的技术；
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Client/Server的工作模式；
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PXE客户端会调用网际协议(IP)、用户数据报协议(UDP)、动态主机设定协议(DHCP)、小型文件传输协议(TFTP)等网络协议；
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PXE客户端(client)这个术语是指机器在PXE启动过程中的角色。一个PXE客户端可以是一台服务器、笔记本电脑或者其他装有PXE启动代码的机器（我们电脑的网卡）
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pxe+kickstart 全自动安装操作系统，（不包括win）
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pxe是网卡上的芯片
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kickstart软件 pylickstart 用来配置操作系统安装过程的配置文件ks.cfg
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initrd初始化磁盘影像文件
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图中的vmlinux应该为vmliuz
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### PXE工作原理示意图说明
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```
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1. Client向PXE Server上的DHCP发送IP地址请求消息，DHCP检测Client是否合法（主要是检测Client的网卡MAC地址），如果合法则返回Client的IP地址，同时将启动文件pxelinux.0的位置信息一并传送给Client。
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2. Client向PXE Server上的TFTP发送获取pxelinux.0请求消息，TFTP接收到消息之后再向Client发送pxelinux.0大小信息，试探Client是否满意，当TFTP收到Client发回的同意大小信息之后，正式向Client发送pxelinux.0。
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3. Client执行接收到的pxelinux.0文件。
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4. Client向TFTP发送针对本机的配置信息（记录在TFTP的pxelinux.cfg目录下），TFTP将配置文件发回Client，继而Client根据配置文件执行后续操作。
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5. Client向TFTP发送Linux内核请求信息，TFTP接收到消息之后将内核文件发 送给Client。
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6. Client向TFTP发送根文件请求信息，TFTP接收到消息之后返回Linux根文件 系统。
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7. Client启动Linux内核（启动参数已经在4中的配置文件中设置好了）。
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8. Client通过NFS下载镜像文件，读取autoyast自动化安装脚本。 至此，Client正式进入自动化安装模式开始安装系统直到完成
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```
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### 一、环境
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|名称| 值 |
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|--|--|
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| 软件 | vmware |
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|系统|centos7.5|
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|网络|桥接|
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|ip地址|10.20.157.100|
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### 二、安装前准备
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```shell
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# 关闭防火墙、selinux
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[root@localhost ~]# systemctl stop firewalld
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[root@localhost ~]# systemctl disable firewalld
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[root@localhost ~]# setenforce 0
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[root@localhost ~]# sed -i 's/SELINUX=.*/SELINUX=disabled/g' /etc/selinux/config
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# 配置ip地址
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[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-ens33
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TYPE="Ethernet"
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PROXY_METHOD="none"
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BROWSER_ONLY="no"
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BOOTPROTO="static"
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DEFROUTE="yes"
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IPADDR=10.20.157.100
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PREFIX=24
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GATEWAY=10.20.157.1
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DNS1=114.114.114.114
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DNS2=8.8.8.8
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DEVICE="ens33"
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ONBOOT="yes"
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[root@localhost ~]# systemctl restart network
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# 配置yum源并安装软件包
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[root@localhost ~]# rm -rf /etc/yum.repos.d/*
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[root@localhost ~]# curl -o /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo https://mirrors.aliyun.com/repo/Centos-7.repo
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[root@localhost ~]# curl -o /etc/yum.repos.d/epel.repo http://mirrors.aliyun.com/repo/epel-7.repo
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[root@localhost ~]# yum clean all
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[root@localhost ~]# yum makecache fast
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[root@localhost ~]# yum install -y dhcp tftp tftp-server syslinux wget vsftpd pykickstart
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```
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### 三、dhcp服务器配置
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```shell
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[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/dhcp/dhcpd.conf
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#确保配置文件内容如下
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ddns-update-style interim;
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ignore client-updates;
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authoritative;
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allow booting;
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allow bootp;
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allow unknown-clients;
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# A slightly different configuration for an internal subnet.
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subnet 10.20.157.0 netmask 255.255.255.0
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{
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range 10.20.157.110 10.20.157.200;
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option domain-name-servers 10.20.157.1;
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option domain-name "server1.example.com";
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option routers 10.20.157.1;
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option broadcast-address 10.20.157.255;
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default-lease-time 600;
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max-lease-time 7200;
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# PXE SERVER IP
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next-server 10.20.157.100; # DHCP server ip
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filename "pxelinux.0";
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}
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```
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### 四、TFTP服务准备
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```shell
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[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/xinetd.d/tftp
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#修改内容如下
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service tftp
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{
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socket_type = dgram
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protocol = udp
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wait = yes
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user = root
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server = /usr/sbin/in.tftpd
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server_args = -s /tftpboot
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disable = no
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per_source = 11
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cps = 100 2
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flags = IPv4
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}
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[root@localhost ~]# cp /usr/share/syslinux/{pxelinux.0,menu.c32,memdisk,mboot.c32,chain.c32} /var/lib/tftpboot/
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[root@localhost ~]# mkdir /var/lib/tftpboot/pxelinux.cfg
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[root@localhost ~]# mkdir /var/lib/tftpboot/netboot
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```
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### 五、VSftpd服务准备
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在VMware中将cd驱动器链接
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```
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[root@localhost ~]# mount /dev/cdrom /mnt
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[root@localhost ~]# cp -rf /mnt/* /var/ftp/pub/
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# 拷贝系统启动时需要的镜像文件
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[root@localhost ~]# cp /var/ftp/pub/images/pxeboot/vmlinuz /var/lib/tftpboot/netboot/
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[root@localhost ~]# cp /var/ftp/pub/images/pxeboot/initrd.img /var/lib/tftpboot/netboot/
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# 创建ks.cfg 文件
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[root@localhost ~]# vim /var/ftp/pub/ks.cfg
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#platform=x86, AMD64, or Intel EM64T
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#version=DEVEL
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# Firewall configuration
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firewall --disabled
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# Install OS instead of upgrade
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install
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# Use NFS installation media
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url --url="ftp://10.20.157.100/pub/"
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rootpw --plaintext 123456
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#root的密码设为123456
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# Use graphical install
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graphical
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firstboot disable
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# System keyboard
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keyboard us
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# System language
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lang en_US
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# SELinux configuration
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selinux disabled
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# Installation logging level
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logging level=info
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# System timezone
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timezone Asia/Shanghai
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# System bootloader configuration
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bootloader location=mbr
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clearpart --all --initlabel
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part swap --asprimary --fstype="swap" --size=1024
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part /boot --fstype xfs --size=200
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part pv.01 --size=1 --grow
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volgroup rootvg01 pv.01
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logvol / --fstype xfs --name=lv01 --vgname=rootvg01 --size=1 --grow
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reboot
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%packages
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@core
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wget
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%end
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%post
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%end
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# 检查语法是否有错误
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[root@localhost ~]# ksvalidator /var/ftp/pub/ks.cfg
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```
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### 六、PXE菜单
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```
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[root@localhost ~]# vim /var/lib/tftpboot/pxelinux.cfg/default
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default menu.c32
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prompt 0
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timeout 30
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MENU TITLE Togogo.net Linux Training
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LABEL centos7_x64
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MENU LABEL CentOS 7 X64 for newrain
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KERNEL /netboot/vmlinuz
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APPEND initrd=/netboot/initrd.img inst.repo=ftp://10.20.157.100/pub ks=ftp://10.20.157.100/pub/ks.cfg
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```
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### 七、重启服务
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```
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[root@localhost ~]# systemctl enable dhcpd vsftpd tftp
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[root@localhost ~]# systemctl restart dhcpd vsftpd tftp
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```
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### 八、创建虚拟机-自动安装系统
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> 注意：内存必须大于2G
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